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问中国 | 中国为什么需要生物安全法?

CGTN CGTN 2020-08-25

H1N1流感、脊髓灰质炎、埃博拉、寨卡、新冠肺炎……

过去十年,世界卫生组织宣布了六起国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。
联合国环境署的数据显示,在人类每4个月出现的一种新型传染病中,有75%来自动物。
Over the past ten years, the World Health Organization has announced six public health emergencies of international concern, including H1N1, polio, Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19.
According to the United National Environment Program, every four months one infectious disease emerges in humans, seventy-five percent of which come from animals.
人类的命运与自然的命运紧密相连,世界各国越来越重视人与自然的关系。
1992年,联合国环境与发展大会通过《21世纪议程》和《生物多样性公约》,专门提到生物技术安全问题。
去年10月,中国的生物安全法草案首次提请最高立法机关审议,并将争取在今年年内审议通过。
维护生物安全有多重要?中国为什么需要生物安全法?
To better tackle the relationship between man and nature, the United Nations adopted the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992, which recognized biological diversity is about more than plants, animals, and microorganisms and their ecosystems – it is about people and the need for food security, medicine, fresh air and water, shelter, and a clean and healthy environment in which to live.
China started its work on biosecurity legislation in 2019, and this year the top legislatures have reviewed the draft law for the second time. 
Why does China need a biosecurity law?














什么是生物安全?


据联合国粮农组织,生物安全是一项一体化战略方针,用于分析和管理食品安全、动植物生命和健康方面的风险,以及有关环境风险的政策和管理框架。


这些风险涵盖转基因作物、外来品种和传入的动植物害虫、生物多样性侵蚀、跨界牲畜疾病的扩散以及战争有毒武器等等。


According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks for analyzing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health, and associated risks to the environment.


中国为什么需要生物安全法?



  • 重大社会事件频发、传染病的出现


尽管生物安全法近期才开始进入公众视野,但立法进程已经历了20余年。

近年来,问题疫苗、基因编辑婴儿等一系列重大社会事件频发,非典型肺炎、H1N1流感、新冠肺炎等重大传染性疾病的出现,凸显了生物安全的重要性,生物安全法立法进程进入“快车道”。

生物安全法二次审议稿用整整一章规定了防控重大新发突发传染病、动植物疫情的内容。

北京大学公共卫生学院特聘研究员周辉表示:

英国和美国已经颁布了相应的生物安全的法律法规,我国把生物安全纳入到国家安全体系当中,是意识到生物安全问题不仅仅是人民的健康问题,也关系到国家经济安全、社会稳定,以及我国在国际社会的多重竞争下的自然资源、粮食和农业、生物多样性、生态系统、可持续发展等一系列核心问题。


A biosecurity law has become increasingly essential in China in recent years due to gene-edited babies, faulty vaccination, and pandemics, like SARS and COVID-19. All of these have put the legislation on the fast track.

Zhou Hui, a research professor at Peking University Health Science Center said that biosafety is not only related to people’s health but to national economic security and social stability. Biosecurity will be a key component in the national security system.


  • 生物安全法将成为生物安全领域的基本法


在生物安全法起草之前,中国已经围绕传染病防控、基因工程安全、实验室生物安全陆续出台了相关法律和条例。

1988年 野生动物保护法     

1989年 传染病防治法

1991年 进出境动植物检疫法

1993年《基因工程安全管理办法》

2004年《病原微生物实验室生物安全管理条例》

……

这些法律法规或多或少提及生物安全相关内容。

中国生态环境部此前接受媒体采访表示,我国在保障生物安全方面已经开展了大量工作,但也存在不足,如:现有法律法规系统性、针对性不强,管理体制有待健全,各部门间协作机制不完善,资源交流共享不畅。

北京航空航天大学法学院教授杜群表示:

在法律定位上,生物安全法应当是我国生物安全领域的基本法。它应该起着统领生物安全领域相关法律规定和行政法规的作用,应当协调好与其他领域法律的关系,比如与环境资源保护法的关系和生物多样性保护法的关系。


China has laws and regulations on the prevention of infectious disease, protection of wild animals, and on genetic engineering and security of labs. However, the lack of integrated management and a systematic cross-department mechanism has made it difficult to enforce these laws and regulations.

“The law is a basic law in biosecurity and could take the lead in regulations and administrative statutes related to biosafety, as well as functions as a coordinator with other laws,” professor Du Qun with the Law School of Beihang University said.


  • 填补生物技术发展阶段的法律漏洞


生物技术是一把“双刃剑”。

 2018年的“基因编辑婴儿”事件让全世界震惊。伦理和监管的边界在哪里?对于生物技术的谬用,生物安全法草案明确了相应的责任与处罚,填补了法律空白。

杜群教授表示:

我国对于生物技术研究、开发和利用的管控,目前还存在着法律的空白。规范生物技术是生物安全法的核心,对生物技术管控是生物安全法与其他生物多样性法律相区别的一个重要特征。


生物安全法对生物技术的活动规定了伦理的原则。这是因为促进生物技术活动“弃恶扬善”,伦理是一个重要的法器。


With the advancement of modern biotech, scientists can modify generic material to improve an organism’s characteristics but doing so may cause adverse impacts on biodiversity and human health.

The legislation will help establish ethics for labs and biotech development.

Professor Du added that advancing biotech needs to“renounce the evil and turn to the virtue" so the law touches on the code of ethics in biotech.

生物安全跨越地区和国别的界限,不仅仅是中国的问题,更是国际社会共同面临的挑战。

杜群教授说,生物安全法的制定和实施将有力增强中国生物安全能力建设,加强中国的国际履约行动,推动中国与其他缔约国的国际合作,使生物安全和生物多样性的全球治理体系更加完善。这是一部“除害而且兴利”的法。

Biosafety is not only an issue for China but is an international challenge. The UN has held a series of workshops on biosecurity to foster global cooperation in the fields of biosafety.

“The legislation of this biosecurity law is beneficial to China’s capacity in building biosafety and helps to strengthen China’s fulfillment of global acts and agreements and refines the legal system. It can also make the global governance system on biosafety and biodiversity complete,” said professor Du, adding that the biosecurity law promotes "what is beneficial and abolish what is harmful.”


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